Smart Procurement Of Naturally Generated Energy (SPONGE) for PHEV's

In this paper we propose a new engine management system for hybrid vehicles to enable energy providers and car manufacturers to provide new services. Energy forecasts are used to collaboratively orchestrate the behaviour of engine management systems of a fleet of PHEV's to absorb oncoming energy in an smart manner. Cooperative algorithms are suggested to manage the energy absorption in an optimal manner for a fleet of vehicles, and the mobility simulator SUMO is used to show simple simulations to support the efficacy of the proposed idea.Comment: Updated typos with respect to previous versio

On Constant Distance Spacing Policies for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems are considered as key potential enablers to improve driving safety and traffic efficiency. They allow for automated vehicle following using wireless communication in addition to onboard sensors. To achieve string stability in CACC platoons, constant time headway (CTH) spacing policies have prevailed in research; namely, vehicle interspacing grows with the speed. While constant distance headway (CDH) spacing policies provide superior potential to increase traffic capacity than CTH, a major drawback is a smaller safety margin at high velocities and string stability cannot be achieved using a one-vehicle look-ahead communication. The hypothesis of this work is to apply CDH only in few driving situations, when traffic throughput is of highest importance and safety requirements can be met due to comparably low velocities. As the most relevant situations where CDH could be applied, we identify starting platoons at signalized intersections. In this paper, we illustrate this idea. Specifically, we compare CTH with CDH regarding its potential to increase the capacity of traffic lights. Starting with the elementary situation of single traffic lights we expand our scope to whole traffic networks including several thousand vehicles in simulation. Using real world data to calibrate and validate vehicle dynamics simulation and traffic simulation, the study discusses the most relevant working parameters of CDH, CTH, and the traffic system in which both are applied.Comment: In preparation for submission to IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation System

Smart Procurement Of Naturally Generated Energy (SPONGE) for PHEV’s

In this paper we propose a new engine management system for hybrid vehicles to enable energy providers and car manufacturers to provide new services. Energy forecasts are used to collaboratively orchestrate the behaviour of engine management systems of a fleet of PHEV’s to absorb oncoming energy in an smart manner. Cooperative algorithms are suggested to manage the energy absorption in an optimal manner for a fleet of vehicles, and the mobility simulator SUMO is used to show simple simulations to support the efficacy of the proposed idea

A numerical study on constant spacing policies for starting platoons at oversaturated intersections

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) is considered as a key potential enabler to improve driving safety and traffic efficiency. It allows for automated vehicle following using wireless communication in addition to onboard sensors. To achieve string stability in CACC platoons, constant time gap (CTG) spacing policies have prevailed in research; namely, vehicle interspacing grows with the speed. While constant distance gap (CDG) spacing policies provide superior potential to increase traffic capacity than CTG, their major drawbacks are a smaller safety margin at high velocities and that string stability cannot be achieved using a one-vehicle look-ahead communication. In this work, we propose to apply CDG only in a few driving situations, when traffic throughput is of highest importance and safety requirements can be met due to relatively low velocities. As the most relevant situations where CDG could be applied, we identify starting platoons at signalized intersections. With this application scenario we show that applying CDG only in a few specific and crucial situation can have a major impact on traffic efficiency. Specifically, we compare CTG with CDG regarding its potential to increase the capacity of traffic lights. Starting with the elementary situation of single traffic lights we expand our scope to whole traffic networks including several thousand vehicles in simulation. Using real world data to calibrate and validate vehicle dynamics simulation and traffic simulation, the study discusses the most relevant working parameters of CDG, CTG, and the traffic system in which both are applied.DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2021 - 2022 / Technische Universität Berli

Driver Assistance for Safe and Comfortable On-Ramp Merging Using Environment Models Extended through V2X Communication and Role-Based Behavior Predictions

Modern driver assistance systems as well as autonomous vehicles take their decisions based on local maps of the environment. These maps include, for example, surrounding moving objects perceived by sensors as well as routes and navigation information. Current research in the field of environment mapping is concerned with two major challenges. The first one is the integration of information from different sources e.g. on-board sensors like radar, camera, ultrasound and lidar, offline map data or backend information. The second challenge comprises in finding an abstract representation of this aggregated information with suitable interfaces for different driving functions and traffic situations. To overcome these challenges, an extended environment model is a reasonable choice. In this paper, we show that role-based motion predictions in combination with v2x-extended environment models are able to contribute to increased traffic safety and driving comfort. Thus, we combine the mentioned research areas and show possible improvements, using the example of a threading process at a motorway access road. Furthermore, it is shown that already an average v2x equipment penetration of 80% can lead to a significant improvement of 0.33m/s^2 of the total acceleration and 12m more safety distance compared to non v2x-equipped vehicles during the threading process.Comment: the article has been accepted for publication during the 16th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP 2020), 8 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

Cooperative control and smart procurement of naturally generated energy (SPONGE) for PHEVs

Electric vehicles can potentially be the best means of transportation for improving air quality, provided that they are powered by electricity from natural gas or wind, water or solar power. In this paper we describe a simple cooperative algorithm that exploits the energy management units of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) to absorb the expected forthcoming energy available from renewable sources. The proposed approach bridges the gap between mobility patterns and power grid constraints, and allows to prevent green energy from being wasted while at the same time reducing the complexity burden of the power grid to charge unexpected loads of electric vehicles. Simulation results are given to show the efficacy of the proposed method

Anfragenorientierte Dienstarchitektur

Die Vision von Ambient Intelligent Systems beschreibt Systeme, die sich unsichtbar und eingebettet in der Benutzerumgebung auf intelligente Weise der aktuellen Situation des Benutzers anpassen können. Leider wuchs die Komplexität bei der Umsetzung dieser Vision durch die rasche Einführung neuer Kommunikationsgeräte schneller als die Forschung in diesem Bereich bewältigen konnte. Die Vergangenheit zeigte, dass in dieser wachsenden Welt von unterschiedlichen Geräten, Netzwerken und Diensten, deren Möglichkeiten nur teilweise von den Benutzern verstanden und angenommen werden, neuartige Systeme, die nicht bestehende Infrastrukturen nutzen können, nicht durchzusetzen sind. Diese Arbeit beschreibt daher einen neuen Ansatz einer skalierbaren Architektur für Ambient Intelligent Systems, die ausdrücklich bestehende Infrastrukturen nutzt und existierende Dienste einbindet. Analog zu aktuellen Forschungsprojekten beginnt die Arbeit mit der Beschreibung von Szenarien mit einzelnen und mehreren Benutzern, die in der folgenden Analyse genutzt werden, um die notwendigen Anforderung zu ermitteln. Aus diesen Anforderungen wird dann ein neuartiges Schichtenmodell für Ambient Intelligent Systems entwickelt, welches die Interpretation und Bearbeitung von Benutzerbedürfnissen von der Interaktion der Dienste und die lose gekoppelte Dienstausführung vom allgemeinen Informationszugriff auf verschiedenste Geräte und Netzwerke trennt. Dieses Schichtenmodell wird im weiteren Verlauf zu einer vollständigen Referenzarchitektur ausgebaut, bei der Dienstanfragen (Service Requests) als Bindeglied für die Kommunikationseinheiten der verschiedenen Schichten fungiert. Die Ausrichtung auf Dienstanfragen (Service Request Orientation) hat sich als eine adäquate Abstraktion für die Umwandlung von generischen Benutzeranfragen (user requests) in spezifische Dienstaufrufe bewährt. Diese erweiterbare lose Koppelung von Diensten erlaubt es existierende Dienste auf einfache Weise zu integrieren sowie Informationen von einer großen Breite von Geräten abzufragen und in das System einzubeziehen, angefangen von kleinsten Sensorknoten über mobile Geräte bis hin zu hochwertigen Computern. Die Arbeit an dieser Dienstanfrage orientierten Architektur (Service Request Oriented Architecture) sind das Ergebnis gemeinsamer Forschungen von der TU Berlin und Fraunhofer FOKUS. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind in eine Reihe von nationalen und internationalen Forschungsprojekte eingeflossen wie z.B. Autarke Verteilte Mikrosysteme (AVM) gefördert vom BMBF sowie e Sense, welches von der Europäischen Union gefördert wurde.The vision of Ambient Intelligent Systems describes human-centric environments that are able to adapt intelligently to the user situation. However, the growing complexity of implementing such Ambient Intelligent Systems has now outpaced even the most ambitious research efforts due to the ever increasing number of communication devices and the corresponding increase in the number of difficult choices each user is faced with. Implementing this vision of Ambient Intelligent Systems in a world of heterogeneous devices, networks, and services available to, and required by, users has thus proved harder than was previously expected. Against this backdrop, this thesis presents a novel approach that introduces a non-disruptive, scalable architecture for Ambient Intelligent Systems. In line with recent research projects, this thesis starts by analyzing typical single and multi-user scenarios in varying environments, deriving the requirements for an appropriate architecture on an abstract level. This requirements analysis gives a novel layer model for Ambient Intelligent Systems that decouples the interpreting and processing of user needs from service interaction, and loosely coupled service execution from low-level information access across varying networks and devices. This layer model is then further extended to the service request oriented architecture by identifying service requests as connecting entities between the layers. Thus service request orientation can be seen to offer a convenient abstraction for translating abstract user requests to specific service calls in an extendable and loosely coupled manner that allows for integration not only of existing context-agnostic services but also of a wide range of devices, from small, resource-bounded sensor nodes to mobile devices or high-end computers. As work on this Service Request Oriented Architecture was a joint effort between the TU Berlin and Fraunhofer FOKUS, the findings of this thesis have been fed into a number of national and international projects such as Autarke Verteilte Mikrosysteme (AVM) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) and e-Sense, funded by the European Commission

Survey and Classification of Cooperative Automated Driver Assistance Systems

The introduction of dedicated short-range Vehicle- to-Vehicle communication (DSRC) enables the next step in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) - the cooperative automated driver assistance systems (CoDAS). Combined with automated functions and even autonomous driving, a host of novel functions become feasible. Some of these - such as platooning- have been in research for decades, while others are not tackled yet. In this paper we give an overview on research on automated cooperative functions, survey conceivable functions and present a way to classify them

A Rapid Prototyping Environment for Cooperative Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) were strong innovation drivers in recent years, towards the enhancement of traffic safety and efficiency. Today’s ADAS adopt an autonomous approach with all instrumentation and intelligence on board of one vehicle. However, to further enhance their benefit, ADAS need to cooperate in the future, using communication technologies. The resulting combination of vehicle automation and cooperation, for instance, enables solving hazardous situations by a coordinated safety intervention on multiple vehicles at the same point in time. Since the complexity of such cooperative ADAS grows with each vehicle involved, very large parameter spaces need to be regarded during their development, which necessitate novel development approaches. In this paper, we present an environment for rapidly prototyping cooperative ADAS based on vehicle simulation. Its underlying approach is either to bring ideas for cooperative ADAS through the prototyping stage towards plausible candidates for further development or to discard them as quickly as possible. This is enabled by an iterative process of refining and assessment. We reconcile the aspects of automation and cooperation in simulation by a tradeoff between precision and scalability. Reducing precise mapping of vehicle dynamics below the limits of driving dynamics enables simulating multiple vehicles at the same time. In order to validate this precision, we also present a method to validate the vehicle dynamics in simulation against real world vehicles

Session-based communication over IEEE 802.11p for novel complex cooperative driver assistance functions

Recently cooperative systems have moved from field-operational testing phase nearer to deployment. But Car-2-Car and Car-2-Infrastructure communication (C2X) can also serve as an enabling technology for a novel class of driver assistance systems: actively intervening cooperative driver assistance systems (CoDAS). The possible range of CoDAS functions spans from self-evident implicit usage as an additional sensor up to joined maneuvers in high-automated or autonomous vehicles. As complex, but highly promising functions such as platooning or cooperative crash avoidance become viable, the need for a communication method ensuring consensus between vehicles arises. In this paper we examine the properties of such a protocol and compare it to current reference messages from the US and the EU. We propose a generic stateful session-based communication method over IEEE 802.11p called Cooperative Maneuver Messages (CMM) as an addition to existing stateless messages. We furthermore present a prototypical implementation and test it with a stateful platooning function in a simulation environment